Secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages can be used to quantify bottom-up linkages with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs and trophic position ...

The second consumers (trophic level 3) in the desert food web include birds and scorpions, and tertiary consumers making up the fourth trophic level include bird predators and foxes. Grouping all ...

Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level. A food chain differs from a food web because the complex network of different animals' feeding relations are aggregated and the chain ...

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), plastic particles and fibers with sizes ranging from nanometers (≥ 1 nm) to micrometers (≤ 5 mm) ...

While their impact on marine ecosystems has been widely studied, research on the effects of microplastics on land is lacking.

Adding to the body of scientific literature on the fast escalating antibiotic resistance crisis is a study published by ...

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), plastic particles and fibers with sizes ranging from nanometers (≥ 1 nm) to micrometers (≤ 5 mm) have become emerging ...

primary consumers are trophic level 2 and so on. Feeding (consumption). Energy flow. The transfer of substances such as carbon and nitrogen. Food webs show a number of food chains that are ...

A generic BAF model for fish. BAF-QSAR v1.1 provides estimates of the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for generic fish species in lower, middle and upper trophic levels of aquatic food webs. The BAF ...