The Earth's interior is composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid—not magma but molten metal, nearly as hot as the surface of the sun. The deepest layer is a solid iron ball, about ...

Brown earth soils are widespread in Britain ... The original vegetation was deciduous forest, resulting in a layer of decaying leaves giving a rich humus. The deep roots of these trees reached ...

There are three main British soils; podzol, brown earth and gley. Podzols are easily recognisable by their distinct layers or horizons. A grey or light-coloured 'E' horizon is the result of severe ...

Soils are becoming severely degraded due to a combination of intensive farming practices and natural processes. As the layer of fertile topsoil thins, it gets increasingly difficult to grow crops ...

These long, tightly compacted cylinders of earth contain a record of exactly what grew in that soil when ... at the pollen that has settled in each layer, has brought an entirely new understanding ...